1. Prep sardines
   
   • Use 10 medium fresh sardines, cleaned (heads optional).
   • Toss with ½ tsp sea salt, ½ tsp ground cumin, 40 ml plain vinegar, 40 ml water. Cover and refrigerate while you prep the rest.
2. Make the chermoula
   
   • 12 g parsley (finely chopped) + 12 g cilantro (finely chopped).
   • 4 garlic cloves, grated; zest of 1 lemon, then juice of 1 lemon.
   • 3 Tbsp olive oil, 1 tsp sea salt, 1 tsp black pepper, 1 Tbsp paprika, 1 Tbsp coriander, 1 Tbsp cumin, ¼ tsp chili powder.
   • 2 Tbsp tomato paste + 40 ml water; mix to a spoonable paste.
3. Prep vegetables
   
   • 2 medium potatoes, thin slices.
   • 1 large tomato, thin slices.
   • 1 large onion, thin slices.
   • 1 green bell pepper, thin wedges; optional fresh chili.
4. Fill & pair the sardines
   
   • Rinse the seasoned sardines and pat dry.
   • Spread a thin layer of chermoula on one fillet; top with a similarly sized fillet to make a “sandwich.”
   • Repeat for all sardines. Reserve leftover chermoula.
5. Assemble the tagine
   
   • Set tagine over medium-low heat; add a splash of olive oil.
   • Layer (bottom → top): onions → potatoes → tomatoes.
   • Arrange the stuffed sardines on top; add green pepper (and chili if using).
   • Spoon any leftover chermoula around the sides; do not add water.
6. Cook
   
   • Cover and cook 25 min (gentle simmer).
   • Uncover, baste sardines with the sauce; re-cover and cook 20 min more until the sauce is thick and vegetables are tender.
   • Taste and adjust salt. Rest 5 min.
7. Serve
   
   • Spoon sauce over the sardines; serve straight from the tagine.
   • Great with warm khobz, lemon wedges, and a simple salad.

     Notes & Swaps

• Fish options: Use mackerel, horse mackerel, or small trout if sardines aren’t available; keep skin on.
• No tagine? Use a heavy 12″ / 30 cm skillet or Dutch oven with a tight lid; same timings.
• Do not dilute: The vegetables release enough liquid—adding water thins flavor and delays thickening.
• Heat control: If the base darkens, insert a heat diffuser or slightly raise the tagine off direct flame.
• Make-ahead: Chermoula keeps 3–4 days refrigerated. Stuffed sardines can be assembled 4–6 h ahead.
• Spice tweak: Add ½ tsp ras el hanout or a pinch of smoked paprika for depth (optional).
• Bones: Serve with warning or debone after first cook if serving to kids.